2012考研英语真题第四部分答案

　　48. 【解析】这句话结构主要在于对三个“what”从句的理解。本题是三个what引导的从句个是what引导的宾语从句，做filter out 的宾语。第二个what是介词from的宾语，from 是固定搭配中的介词filter out A from B。第三个what是understand的宾语，和how并列

　　1）句子主干可以看做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D

　　A指的是“what is contingent and unique”

　　B指的是“what is shared” how complex cultural behaviour arose“

　　C指的是”how complex cultural behaviour arose“

　　D指的是”what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms“

　　2）Filter out词组本意是滤掉，。这个单词可能有同学会不熟悉，但是如果对本句结构理解清楚，看到from这个介词，加之对前文大意的理解，我们可以猜出这个词的意思，或者理解为”区分“等也不影响全句的理解。以避免我们有的同学看到个单词不认识立马生出的胆怯情绪，影响下文判断。

　　【参考译文】把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。

　　49. 【解析】本句结构比较明朗，关键是句子前部分单独很难理解，需要结合前文。这也恰恰说明了考研英语中的翻译首先是阅读理解的一部分，不是单独的翻译而已。

　　1）这里的the second与上文的”The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,“，所里这里应该翻译成”第二种理论“所以这句话需要根据上下文和逻辑解释清楚。而不能单纯的翻译成第二……

　　2）对于括号内部的处理，我们可以直接放在括号中即可。

　　【参考译文】约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征（尤其是按照词序排列），这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。

　　50. 【解析】这句话的结构比较简单，复杂的是其中大量的术语和不熟悉的词汇。对于这些词汇我们根据直译即可。

　　本句结构：Chomsky's grammar should show…， whereas Greenbergian…

　　1）That引导的定语从句修饰patterns

　　2）这里的”grammar“是指是上文的生成语法，所以这里可以把生成语法翻译出来。

　　3）co-dependencies 这个词需要根据上下词义加之词根词缀来猜测出词义，因为下文指出是两者关系，所以可以翻译为”共存性“。

　　【参考译文】乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间（而不是其他）有着强烈的共存性。

　　Section III Writing

　　51.小作文

　　【参考范文】

　　Dear international students,

　　I am the chairman of the Students' Union. I've just received the emails from you and got the news that you will come to our university. Firstly, I'd like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming.

　　In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you'd better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class.

　　I really hope you'll find these proposals useful. And I'm looking forward to your coming!

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　52.大作文

　　【参考范文】

　　As can be clearly seen from the vivid picture, in front of a toppled bottel of which most water in it has flowed out, a man says ”there is none left , how unlucky I am“ looking rather upset, while another man quickly picked this bottle up, saying ”I'm such a lucky dog, there is still some left“。 How vivid the cartoon it is! The two men show quite different perspectives toward the same situation.

　　The implication conveyed in this cartoon is that different perspectives we take to exam problems we confront lead to different attitutes or answers to these problems. In the first place, we'll find the problem is very difficult to handle from the pessimistic perspective. However, if we change our way of observing problems, we may find that we can make some remedial work even to turn something bad into good. In this way, we can find solutions for any difficulties. Every coin has two sides. So why not change an angel to observe the problem we encounter?

　　Whenever we face with the situation like the cartoon,what we should do is to observe it positively, especially when we are experiencing and encountering setbacks, only if we have the optimistic attitude, can we be bound to live a life of happiness.

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