2021考研英语阅读冲刺真题及答案解析（3）

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     Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science,but their form and function,their dimensions and appearance,were determined by technologists,artisans,designers,inventors,and engineers &mdash using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal desriptionsthey are dealt with in the mind by a visual,nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology,it has been nonverbal thinking,by and large,that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids,cathedrals,and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics,but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.

　　The creative shaping process of a technologist''s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example,in designing a diesel engine,a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience,by physical requirements,by limitations of available space,and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter,may depend on scientific calculations,but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.

　　Design courses,then,should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking,a central mechanism in engineering design,involves perceptions,the stock-in-trade of the artist,not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking， nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering,the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students,but rather students attending architectural schools.

　　If courses in design,which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving,are not provided,we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example,early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrationsthey are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.

　　1.In the text,the author is primarily concerned with

　　[A] identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologists.

　　[B] stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design.

　　[C] proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technology.

　　[D] contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists.

　　2.It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are

　　[A] strengthened when they include courses in design.

　　[B] weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to develop mathematical skills.

　　[C] strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the courses.

　　[D] strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systems.

　　3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of the first two paragraphs of the text?

　　[A] When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions,it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair it.

　　[B] Each component of an automobile &mdash for example,the engine or the fuel tank &mdash has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that component''s function.

　　[C] A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thought.

　　[D] The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer''s conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site.

　　4.Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the text?

　　[A] The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technological developments must be derived from science ignores the many nonscientific decisions made by technologists.

　　[B] Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the success of technological development.

　　[C] As knowledge of technology has increased,the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form,arrangement,and texture.

　　[D] A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician''s degree reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common among engineers.

　　5.The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record paradoxical (line 6,paragraph 3) most probably because

　　[A] the publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make.

　　[B] architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students.

　　[C] college students were qualified to make the drawings while practicing engineers were not.

　　[D] engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record the development of their own discipline.

　　[答案解析]

　　1.「答案」B

　　「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。本题的正确答案信息点在原文段的倒数第二句，该句强调“nonverbal thinking”的重要性。可见本题的正确选项应该是B.考生在破解中心主旨题时一定要首先找出原文的中心主旨句。

　　2.「答案」A

　　「考点解析」这是一道反推题。根据题干中的“engineering curricula”可将本题的正确答案信息来源确定在原文的第三段句。该句中“should”一词的理解十分重要。“should”是“应该做”而实际上确“没有做”。根据“should”一词并且结合第三段句进行反推即逆向思维，可得出本题的正确选项是A.考生在解题时应该重视关键的语言信号词，更要加强反推的能力。

　　3.「答案」D

　　「考点解析」本题是一道细节归纳推导题。其实只要考生抓住段中的中心主旨句(倒数第二句)和第二段中的中心主旨句(倒数句)，就不难寻找出本题的正确答案D.要想知道某一段的主要含义就要首先找出该段的中心主旨句。另外考生在破解此类题型时还要善于根据中心主旨句进行合理的逻辑推导。

　　4.「答案」A

　　「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。如果考生抓住了全文的中心主旨句(段的倒数第二句)以及每段的中心主旨句(例如第二段的倒数句)，就不难寻找出本题的正确选项A，因为该选项所强调的内容与这些中心主旨句所表达的内容是相互一致的。考生在破解中心主旨题型时一定要具备寻找和理解中心主旨句的能力。

　　5.「答案」D

　　「考点解析」本题是一道细节推导题。题干已经将本题的答案信息确定在第三段的尾句，该句强调的是“engineering students”在教育方面的缺陷，因此本题的正确选项应该是D.如果考生在理解此句时有困难，可借助于本段的主题句(第三段句)来破解本题。第三段句强调的是“engineering curricula”缺乏“design courses”。这句话同样是表明“engineering students”在教育方面的缺失。考生在破解此类题型时一定要善于总结和归纳原文的信息。

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