考研英语语法精要—代词及指代一致

代词及其指代一致 

一．代词的指代  

1 ．that 的指代作用   

that 指代不可数名词和单数可数名词 （如是复数， 用 those ） ， 后面通常跟有修饰语， 如出现在比 较结构中的 that of 。

如 :Con v ersat i on calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speak e r w i th that of listener ,   and it calls for occa sional  “digestiv e  pauses” by both. 这里 that 指代前面的 the role 。    No bread eaten by men is so sweet as  that earned by his own labor .  

2 ．one 的指代作用  

one 指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词， 复数为 ones 。 the one 指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。 

如：    A good writer is who can exp r ess th e commonpl a ce in an uncommo n w a y .    

[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案为 [C]    

3 ．do 的替代作用。   

do 代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。

如：F o r him to be re-elected, what is essential  is not that his policy works , but that the  public beli ev e that it does.   

二．代词指代一致问题  

代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、 数、 格上是否一致， 或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一 致。    

Each cigarette a person smok es does some  harm, and ev entually he ma y get a s e rious   disease form its effect.    

这里 he 指代前面的 person 。    

It w a s during the 1920’ s that the friend ship between the two American writers  Hemingw a y and Fitz ger a ld reached its highest point.    

这里 its 指代前面的两人的 friendship 。    

Our department w a s monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.    

这里 me 必须用宾格形式。   

代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律： 

1 ．邻近和靠近原则 

由 either  …  or,  nei t her … no r, not only … but ( a lso) 连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词 在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如 果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称 代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。    

Neither Mary nor Alice has her k e y with her . 

Neither the package  nor the l e tters ha ve reached  their destination    

If either Da vid or Janet comes , he or she will w a nt a drink 

2 ．当 no one, everyone, each,everybody,  none ,anybody, someone, som e body

用作主语或主语的限定词时候 , 或者 anythi ng, nothi n g, something ev erythi ng 等不定代

词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一 致原则，采取单数形式。 

如：Ev e rybody talk ed a t  th e top of his v o ice.    

None of the bo ys can do it , can he?    

Ev erything is ready ,  isn’ t it? 

3 ．当主语为复数形式，后跟 each 作同位语时，如果 each 位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果  each 位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。 

如：They each ha v e  two coats    

we are ea ch responsible for h i s own fa mily 

4 ．由 and 连接两个先行词，代词用复数 

如：the tourist and business men lost their lugga ge in the accident