2025-02-14
形容词、副词及比较级最
一.形容词的修饰与位置
一般来说, 从构词法角度来看, 后缀” ly ” 往往是副词, 但有的以 “ ly ’ 结尾的词是形容词而不是 副词, 这点要注意; 形容词一般可以在句子中做定语, 表语等成份, 但有些形容词在句子中只能做 表语和只能做前置定语; 这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,
下面做了一下 归纳:
1、以 -ly 结尾的是形容词而不是副词:
costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的
deadly 死一般的 liv ely 活泼的
friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的
kindly 热心肠的 lik ely 可能的
leisurely 悠闲的 ugl y 长得丑的
brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的
earthly 尘世的
2、只作以“ a ”开头的很多形容词只能做表语:
afr a id 害怕的 alik e 相象的
awak e 醒着的 alone 单独的,惟一的
aliv e 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的
asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的
well 健康的 content 满意的
unable 无能的
3、只作前置定语的形容词
earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的
golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的
silk en 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的
wooden 木制的 ye a r l y 每年的 elder 年长的
woolen 毛织的 form er 前任的 mere 仅,只不过
only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 ve r y 恰好的
little 小的 liv e 活的
4 .下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意 用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:
remain k eep become, get, grow , go , come, tu rn, sta y , stand, run, pr o v e, seem , appear , look 。 如: All those left undone ma y sound great in theory , but ev en the t r uest believ e r has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
二.形容词与副词的比较级与最
1 . 考比较级时,考生应把握:
1 )形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。
如:Do y o u enjo y listening to records? I find re cords are often , or better than an actual performance. [A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as
在这里 as good as 比较连词与 better than 比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。
答案为 A
On the w h ole, ambitious studen ts are more lik el y to succeed in their studies t h an are those with little ambition.
2) 比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。
如:The number of regi stered participants in this y e ar ’ s mar a thon w a s half .
[A] of last y e ar ’ s [B]those of last y e ar ’ s
[C]of those of last y e ar [D] that of last y e ar ’ s
(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“ the number of ”故代替它的应该是单数指示 代词“ that ” ,而不能选择 B , those 是指代 participants ,不是同类对比,答案为 D 。
Y o ung readers, more often than not, find th e no v e ls of dick ens far m o re ex citi ng than Thack er a y’ s.
3) 比较级与倍数词关系及其位置
原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词, 表示为 “为… . 若干倍” , 当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等, 他们的位置是,倍数词 +as … as … , 或倍数词 +more … than …,但 again 一般放在原级词之后, 即 “ as+ 原级+ again+as ” .
如:Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each y e ar than automobile accidents. [A] sev e n more times [B] sev e n times more
[C] o v er sev e n times [D] sev e n times
( 答案为 B)
“ Do y o u regret pa ying fiv e hundred do llars fo r the painting ?”“No , I would gladl y ha v e paid for it . ”
[A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice
( 答案为 B)
My uncle is as old again as I am
4 )下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:
inferior , minor , senior , prior , prefer to , supe rior , major , junior , prefer able, differ from, compared with, in c o mparison wi th, different from, r a ther than.
如:Their w a tch is to all the other w a tches on the mark et.
[A] superi or [B] ad v a ntageous [C] super [D] beneficial
(答案为 A )
Prior to hi s departure, he addre ssed a letter to his daughter . (1986 年考研题 )
5 ) “比较级+ and + 比 较 级 ”或“ more and more/less and less + 原级” 以及 “ ev er , steadily , daily 等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有 grow , get ,become 等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后 面都不需要用 than.
如:Things are getting worse an d worse. As I spok e to him he became less and less angry .
Her healt h w as becoming daily worse
The road got ev er worse until th ere w a s no roa d at all = the road g o t worse a n d worse.
6) 比较级前面可以用 ev en, still, y e t ,all the (more) 等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的 意思。
如: T o da y it is ev en col d er than y e sterday
I ha v e y e t more ex citing ne w s for y o u
7) 有关比较级的特殊句型:
A): not so much … as …与其说……不如说……
The chief reason for the pop u lati on growth isn’ t so much a rise in b i rt h r a tes a fall in death r a tes as a result of impro v ements in medical care.
[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or
人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高, 还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的 结果。答案为 B
B) no/not an y more … than …两者一样都不……
The heart is intelligent than the stomach, fo r th ey are both controlled by the br ain.
[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more
(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为 D )
There is n o reason t h ey should limit ho w much v itamin y o u tak e , they can limit how much w ater you drink.
[A] muc h more than [B] no more than
[C] no less than [D] an y more than (答案为 D )
C)no/not an y less … than …两者一样 , 都……注意基本上与 no/not an y more … than 意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister . 她和她姐姐一样漂亮
D)just as … so … 正如……, ……也……(用倒装结构)
Just as the soil is a part of th e earth, the atmosphere.
[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is
(答案为 C )
2 .最形式应注意的问题:
1 )最比较范围用介词 in, o v er , of , am ong 。 in, (all) o v er 用于在某一范围内的比较,
如: in China , all o v er the world.
of , among 用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,
如: am ong the te achers, of the four dresses.
注意: among …相当于 one of … , 不说 among all …。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来
如:all visible lights, red light has the longe s t and violet the shortest w a v e length.
[A] Among [B] Of [C]F or [D]T o 答案为 [B]
2) 比较级形式表示最意义时,比较对象的范围应用:
an y other + 单数名词
the other + 复数名词
the others
an y o ne/an y thing else
上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最意义的关键词语, 切不可遗漏, 尤其是 other , 否则会造 成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说: John runs faster than an y o ne. 注意与汉语表达的不同。
3 ) most 可以用来修饰形容词或副词, 意思相当于 ve r y , 用法区分单复数, 但不能用定冠词 the ,
如: a most interesting book, most expensiv e restaur a nts ,
要注意与 “ the + 形容词最 + of + 名词”的结构表示的最的区别,
如:He spok e in the w a rmest of v o ices
They ha v e been most kind to me
Bask etball is the most popular of sports in this country .
Chinese is the most difficult of language
Chinese is a most difficult language 三.不用比较级和最的形容词:
1 )表示颜色的有: white, blac k
2 )表示形态的有: round , squa re, o v al, circular , triangular( 三角形 ) , lev e l
3) 表示性质和特征的有: atomic, economic, scientific, so nic, golden, silv ery , woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty , sure, dead, deaf , blind, lame, r a in y
4) 表示状态作表语的有: afr a id, asleep , aliv e, ashamed, alone, aw are, alik e
5) 表示时间、空间和方位的有: daily , weekly , monthl y , annual, present, front, back, forw ard, backw a rd, east, west, south, north, left, right, fi nal
6) 表示极限、主次、等级的有: maximum, mini mu m, utmost, main, maj o r , chief minor , superior , inferior , senior , junio r , super , fa v o rite
7) 含有概念的有: absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, ex cellent, thorough, complete.
四.平行结构与比较级
平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。
如:The ideal listener sta y s both inside and outs ide the music at the moment it is pla y ed and enjo y s it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.
大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比 not only … but (also) ;prefer … to … ;r ather than 有的是同类对比: and ;but ; or ; both … and …; either … or … ; neither … nor … .. 平
行结构测试时候注意以下几点:
1 .注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。
如:It is better to die one’ s feet t h an .
[A]living on one’ s knees [B]liv e on on e’ s knees
[C]on one’ s knees [D]to liv e on one’ s knees
( 答案为 D)
Despite the tempo r ary difficulties, the ma nager prefers i n creasing the output to decreasing it.
2 .其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。
1 ) r a ther than, let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。
如: W e are taught that a busines s letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style. [A]r ather than [B]o ther than [C]better than [D]l ess than
答案为 A
F o r the new country to surviv e, for its pe ople to enjoy prosperity , new economic policies will be required.
[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let ’ s sa y
(答案为 B )
2 ) 如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语, 而且介词相同, 一般说来第二个介词不要省略。
如: A t times, more care goes into the composition of newspape r and magazine adv e rtisements tha n into the writin g of the features and editorials.